Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen

The encounter with Denis left me even more confused than before. It was a shocking illustration of Mark's warning, an omen of what I too might become if I wasn't careful. I wasn't really the same as Denis, was I? I wasn't aimlessly seeking danger. I was seeking danger†¦ well, for a reason. I had to fulfill the promise I'd made to find Dimitri. Maybe it was suicidal and I was only deluding myself into thinking it was noble. Viktoria left me little opportunity to ruminate. Later that evening, as the family was settling down in the living room after way too much food, she glibly asked Olena, â€Å"Can I go over to Marina's? She's having a party before we go back to school.† Wow. It looked like Abe and the Alchemists weren't the only ones keeping secrets around here. I glanced between Olena and Viktoria's faces, curious as to how this would play out. Olena and Yeva were both knitting, but Yeva didn't look up. Viktoria had spoken in English. Olena's face turned thoughtful. â€Å"You have to leave early tomorrow to go back to school.† â€Å"I know. But I can sleep on the bus. Everyone else will be there tonight.† â€Å"? ®Everyone else' isn't a convincing argument,† scoffed Olena. â€Å"They'll all be tired tomorrow too,† replied Viktoria, grinning. â€Å"You'll miss your last night with Rose.† â€Å"I'll hang out with her after I get back.† â€Å"Great. And stay up even later.† â€Å"Not that late. I'll be back by two.† â€Å"Absolutely not. You'll be back by midnight.† Olena returned to her knitting. But that had been permission if I'd ever heard it. Viktoria looked at the clock. It was almost eight thirty. Her face told me she wasn't happy about the curfew, but she apparently decided to take what she could get. Karolina gave us an odd look as we left the room but remained silent. Sonya and Paul, engrossed in TV, barely noticed our departure. I had to find out what was going on. â€Å"Okay,† I said once we were heading upstairs, â€Å"what gives? I thought you weren't going to Marina's.† Viktoria grinned and beckoned me into her bedroom. I'd recently learned her bedroom used to be Dimitri's, and every time I was in here, I had to resist the urge to go bury myself in the bed, even though I knew the sheets had been washed countless times since those days. Somehow, I could imagine them smelling like Dimitri and feeling warm as though we were both lying there together. â€Å"I'm not.† Viktoria began rifling through her closet and pulled out a short, sleeveless red dress with lace around the straps. The fabric was stretchy -the kind that looked like it'd show everything. I was shocked when she began putting it on. It was pretty trashy. â€Å"Is this a joke?† Nope. Viktoria took off her shirt and jeans and pulled the dress on. She had no trouble with it, but it was every bit as clingy as it had appeared. She wasn't as filled out as I was on top, but in a dress like that, it didn't matter. â€Å"Okay,† I said, catching on at last. â€Å"What's his name?† â€Å"Rolan,† she said. â€Å"Oh, Rose. He's amazing. And this is the last night I'll get to see him before school.† I didn't know whether to feel happy for her or sad for Nikolai. This Rolan guy must have been the reason she couldn't give Nikolai the time of day. She was totally in love with someone else. Still, that dress†¦ â€Å"You must really like him,† I observed dryly. Her eyes widened. â€Å"Do you want to meet him?† â€Å"Er, well, I don't want to interfere with your date†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You won't. Just stop by and say hi, okay?† It felt pretty intrusive, yet at the same time†¦ well, I was kind of curious about a guy who could get her to leave the house in that kind of outfit, particularly when she started applying really heavy makeup: extra-dark eyeliner and bright red lipstick. So I agreed to meet Rolan, and we left the house as quietly as we could. Despite wearing a coat over her dress, Viktoria still didn't want to run into her mother. We headed downtown, following a few twists and turns until we ended up behind what looked like an ordinary warehouse in an abandoned part of town. All was quiet, but a tall, tough-looking dhampir stood by a door leading into the building, his arms crossed in front of him. Viktoria brought us to a halt nearby, saying we had to wait there. A minute later, a group of Moroi men of mixed ages wandered up, chatting and laughing. The dhampir gave them a once-over and then opened the door for them. Light and music spilled out until the door shut-and all went silent again. â€Å"So this is Baia's secret dhampir world,† I murmured. She didn't hear me because suddenly, her face lit up. â€Å"There he is!† She pointed to two approaching guys. Both were Moroi. Well, who knew? Viktoria's secret boyfriend wasn't a dhampir. I guessed that wasn't too shocking, really, though the way she'd dressed tonight still bothered me. She gave him a fierce hug and introduced us. His friend was named Sergey, and he smiled politely before hurrying inside where he was apparently meeting a girl too. I had to give Viktoria credit: Rolan was hot. His hair was dark auburn, soft and wavy. The green of his eyes reminded me-painfully-of Adrian's. And when he smiled at Viktoria, it was dazzling. The look on her face was exactly like Nikolai's whenever he was around her. Rolan took a hold of Viktoria's hands and brought them to his lips, kissing each one. Those green, green eyes gazed at hers, and he murmured something I couldn't hear. She blushed and replied in Russian. I didn't need any translation to know the content was sexy and flirty. Still smiling, he glanced over at me, and although she'd introduced us, it was like he was noticing me for the first time-and was interested. â€Å"You're new here, aren't you?† he asked. Viktoria wrapped her arms around him and rested her head on his chest. â€Å"Rose is visiting. She's a friend of the family.† â€Å"Ah,† he said. â€Å"Now I remember hearing about you. I had no idea such a fierce Strigoi killer would be so beautiful.† â€Å"It's part of the job description,† I said dryly. â€Å"Will you be returning to school with Viktoria?† he asked. â€Å"No. I'll be staying here a little longer.† I still had no clue, though, if â€Å"a little longer† was one hour or one year. â€Å"Hmm,† he said thoughtfully. He looked back down at Viktoria and pressed a kiss to her hair, running his fingers along her throat. His next words were to her. â€Å"I'm glad you were able to come here before you left. I don't know how I'll get by with you so far away.† She beamed. â€Å"There was no way I could leave without seeing you one more time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She trailed off, too overcome with emotion, and as he leaned down, hand still on her throat, I thought for an awful moment that they were going to start making out then and there. Fortunately, the appearance of an approaching dhampir girl interrupted them. Viktoria broke from Rolan and embraced the other girl. They apparently hadn't seen each other in a while and chatted rapidly in Russian, ignoring Rolan and me. Free of her for a moment, he leaned toward me. â€Å"Once Viktoria has returned to school, you'll be all alone here. Maybe I could show you around then?† â€Å"Thanks, but I've already seen everything.† He kept that big smile on. â€Å"Of course. Well, then, perhaps we could simply get together and†¦ talk?† I couldn't believe it. This guy had had his hands all over Viktoria thirty seconds ago and was now trying to score plans with me the instant she left town. I was disgusted and had to restrain myself from doing something stupid. â€Å"Sorry, but I don't think I'll be around long enough.† I got the impression that women didn't refuse him very often. He frowned and started to protest, but Viktoria returned and wrapped herself around him again. He studied me for several more puzzled seconds and then shifted his attention to her, smiling and turning on the charm. She ate it all up, and while the two tried to include me in their conversation, it was clear they were totally absorbed in each other. Rolan might be interested in me, but for now, she was an easier target-and one that wouldn't be available much longer. I felt that disgust roil up in me again. The longer we stood out there, the more I realized what was going on. All the people going inside were Moroi guys or dhampir girls. And the girls were all dressed like Viktoria. This was a blood whore den. Suddenly, Baia's secret dhampir world held no appeal. I hated it. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here. No, wait. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here and drag Viktoria away, even kicking and screaming. Rolan was sleazy, no question, and I didn't want her anywhere near him. Yet it soon became clear they weren't going to stand out in the alley all night. They wanted to go inside and do God only knew what. â€Å"Viktoria,† I said, trying to be reasonable, â€Å"are you sure you don't want to come back home and hang out? I mean, I won't get to see you tomorrow.† She hesitated, then shook her head. â€Å"I won't get to see Rolan either. But I promise I'll come see you as soon as I get home later. We'll stay up all night. Mom won't care.† I didn't know what other protests to make. Rolan's impatience, now that I'd refused him, was starting to show. He wanted to go inside. I wondered what was there†¦ a dance floor? Bedrooms? I probably could have gone with them to see for myself, despite being underdressed-or, well, overdressed as far as amounts of clothing went. Yet I couldn't bring myself to do it. All my life, I'd been taught about blood whores and why their lifestyle was wrong. I didn't know if Viktoria was becoming one-and I hoped she wasn't-but there was no way I could set foot in there. It was a matter of principle. I watched them go with a heavy heart, wondering what I'd just let my friend walk into. Seeing her in that ultra-tight dress, plastered all over him, suddenly made me reevaluate everything. How much of this peaceful life in Baia was a sham? Was Viktoria-the girl who'd called me a sister really not the person I thought she was? Confused, I turned away to head back home-And almost walked into Abe. Again. â€Å"What the hell?† I exclaimed. He wore a tuxedo tonight, complete with tails and a silvery silk scarf. â€Å"Are you stalking me?† Stupid question. Of course he was. I hoped his formal wear meant he wouldn't be dragging me off this evening. His guardians were equally well dressed. Idly, I wondered if a place like this had something to do with his illegal business dealings. Was he trafficking blood whores? Like some kind of pimp? Unlikely, seeing as most of these girls didn't require much urging. Abe gave me that annoying knowing smile of his. â€Å"I see your friend is off to an interesting night. I had no idea Viktoria had such lovely legs. Now everyone knows, thanks to that dress.† I clenched my fists and leaned toward him. â€Å"Don't you dare talk about her like that, old man.† â€Å"I'm not saying anything that isn't obvious to everybody else. It'll certainly be obvious to young Rolan soon.† â€Å"You don't know anything about them!† Yet I didn't believe my own words, not after seeing them walk off together. Abe, I could tell, knew what I was thinking. â€Å"These girls all say it won't happen to them. But it always does. It's what'll happen to you if you stay.† â€Å"Oh, here we are,† I said mockingly. â€Å"I knew a threat had to be coming. The part where you order me again to leave the country or else bad, bad things will happen.† He gestured toward the door, where more Moroi and dhampirs were going. â€Å"I don't even need to make anything bad happen. You'll do it on your own by staying here. You'll waste your life away, running errands for Olena Belikova. Potlucks will become the most exciting thing in your world.† â€Å"They're good people,† I growled. â€Å"Don't mock them.† â€Å"Oh, I'm not denying that.† He straightened his silk scarf. â€Å"They are good people. But they aren't your people. This is a fantasy. You're deluding yourself.† He was all sternness now. â€Å"Your grief has sent you here. Your man was ripped away from you, and you've ripped yourself away from your old friends. You're trying to make up for it by convincing yourself that this is your family, that this is your home. They're not. This isn't.† â€Å"I could make this my home.† I still wasn't sure of that, but my stubborn nature made me want to contradict him. â€Å"You aren't meant for Baia,† he said, dark eyes blazing. â€Å"You're meant for better things. You need to go back home, back to your school and the Dragomir princess.† â€Å"How the hell do you know about her? Who are you? When are you going to tell me who you work for? What do you want with me?† I had a feeling I was on the verge of hysterics. Hearing him refer to Lissa snapped something inside of me. â€Å"I'm merely an observer who can tell you're wasting your time here. This is no life for you, Rose. Your life is back in the States. They say you were on track to be a great guardian. Do you know what an honor it is to be assigned to the last Dragomir? You could spend your life in elite, powerful circles. The reputation you've already gained will raise you in status and regard. You have a stunning career ahead of you, and it's not too late to go back to it. Not yet.† â€Å"Who are you to talk about how I should live my life? I've heard that your hands are bloody-Zmey. You're not exactly a good role model. What is it you're involved in, anyway?† â€Å"My own affairs. And it's exactly because of the life I lead that you should listen to me when I say abandon this path and go back home.† His words were urgent and authoritative, and I couldn't believe he had the audacity to talk to me like that. â€Å"That's not my life anymore,† I said icily. He gave a harsh laugh and gestured around us once more. â€Å"What, and this is? You want to go off and be a blood whore like your friend in there?† â€Å"Don't call her that!† I shouted. â€Å"I don't care if you've got bodyguards or not. I will hurt you, old man, if you say anything else about Viktoria.† He didn't flinch at my explosion. â€Å"That was harsh, I admit. She's not a blood whore. Not yet. But she's one step away from it. As I said, it always happens in the end. Even if you aren't used by someone like Rolan Kislyak-and believe me, he will use her, just like he did her sister-you'll still end up alone with a baby you're way too young for.† â€Å"Her†¦ wait.† I froze. â€Å"Are you saying he's the guy who got Sonya pregnant? Why would Viktoria be involved with him after he did that and left her sister?† â€Å"Because she doesn't know. Sonya doesn't talk about it, and Mr. Kislyak thinks it's a game, getting two sisters into bed. Too bad for him that Karolina's smarter than the others or he could have had them all. Who knows?† He gave me a sardonic smile. â€Å"Maybe he'll consider you part of the family enough to go after you next.† â€Å"Like hell. I'd never get involved with anyone like that. I'm never going to be involved with anyone again. Not after Dimitri.† Abe's sternness gave way to momentary amusement. â€Å"Oh, Rose. You are young. You've barely lived. Everyone thinks their first love is the only one they'll ever have.† This guy was really pissing me off, but I gained enough control to decide I wasn't going to punch him. At least, I didn't think so. I backed up a little, toward the building. â€Å"I'm not going to play your game here. And you can tell whoever you're working for that I'm not playing theirs either and that I'm not going back.† One way or another, whether it was to hunt Dimitri or live with his family, I was staying in Russia. â€Å"You're going to have to box me up and ship me there.† Not that I wanted to give Abe any ideas. I suspected he could do it if he wanted. Damn it. Who was behind this? Who would want to find me badly enough to send this guy after me? Weirder still, whoever it was was someone who cared enough about me to attempt reason. If Abe had actually wanted to abduct me, he already would have. He could have done it the night he brought me to Baia. All he would have had to do was keep driving to the nearest airport. I eventually needed to figure this out, but first I needed to get away from Abe. I backed up further. â€Å"I'm leaving, and you can't stop me. And don't spy on me anymore. This ends now.† Abe studied me for several seconds, his dark eyes narrowed thoughtfully. I could practically see the wheels of plots and world domination spinning in his head. At last he said, so quietly I could hardly hear him, â€Å"It won't end with them, though.† â€Å"Who?† He pointed at the door. â€Å"Viktoria and Rolan.† â€Å"What are you getting at?† â€Å"You know what I'm getting at. She thinks she's in love with him. He knows she'll be back in school tomorrow. Tonight's his last chance with her, and he won't waste it. There are lots of bedrooms in there. They're probably in one right now.† I tried to control my breathing. â€Å"Then I'll go tell her mother.† â€Å"It'll be too late. She'd never find them in time, and tomorrow, Viktoria will be on her way to school-and he'll have no interest anymore. What can her mother do after the fact? Ground her?† I was getting angry, largely because I had a feeling he was right. â€Å"Fine. Then I'll drag her off myself.† â€Å"That'll never happen. She wants to do this. She won't leave with you. Even if she did, she'd just find him again.† I eyed him. â€Å"Enough. You're obviously hinting at something, so just get on with it.† He smiled, apparently pleased at my astuteness-or maybe my bluntness. â€Å"If you want to save her, you've got to go through him. Through Rolan.† I scoffed. â€Å"Not likely. The only way he'd leave her alone is if I offered to take her place.† And hey, friendship only went so far. â€Å"Not if I talk to him.† â€Å"What are you going to do, give him a talk on morality and sway him with reason?† â€Å"Oh, I'll sway him, all right. But believe me, I won't do it with reason-well, at least not the kind you're thinking of. If I tell him to leave her alone, he'll leave her alone. For good.† I stepped backward without realizing it and hit the wall. Abe looked scary as hell. Zmey. I didn't doubt his words at all. He could get Rolan to leave Viktoria alone. In fact, he probably wouldn't even use his dhampirs. Abe could deliver enough terror-and probably a good punch-to make it happen. â€Å"Why would you do that for me?† I asked. â€Å"As a sign of good faith. Promise to leave Baia, and I'll deal with him.† His eyes gleamed. Both of us could feel the net closing around me. â€Å"That's your tactic now? You're offering me a trade? My leaving isn't really worth you scaring some Moroi asshole.† The net grew tighter. â€Å"Isn't it, Rose?† Frantically, I thought about what to do. Some part of me thought Viktoria was free to make her own choices, to love whom she wanted†¦ but I knew for a fact that Rolan didn't love her. She was a conquest for him, as shown by his willingness to go after me-and Sonya, apparently. What would happen to Viktoria? Would she become like the rest of the women here? Would she be the next Belikov to have a baby? Even if she had no intentions of becoming a guardian, this wasn't the right path for her. Karolina had declined to join the guardians and now lived a respectable life with her kids and a job that-if not exciting-was steady and allowed her to keep her dignity. I couldn't let Viktoria turn down a road that could ruin the rest of her life. I couldn't let that happen to Dimitri's sister. Dimitri†¦ I knew him. I knew his protective nature. He would never let anything happen to those he cared about. I hated the thought of that blood whore den, but I still would have run in to get her-because that was what Dimitri would have done. But I didn't know if I'd find her there in time. I knew, however, that Abe could-and that he could keep Rolan away forever. And so, I spoke without fully understanding the consequences of my words. â€Å"I'll leave Baia.†

Original Writing – A Short tale

A few miles south of your usual city packed with loud, noisy, busy people lay a small village of friendly folk. It was Spring in the land and in that one rural village the orchards blossomed, birds sung and the sun did not want to stray from this peaceful green valley. Only one particular person could hear the sound of trickling water at that precise moment, a Master Will Briscoe. He lay peacefully against one of the white blossom trees. His tatty breeches and white shirt flickered around in the wind. His toe poking out of a hole in his sock felt light blossom brush against it tenderly touching the surface. He was drifting off into a deep sleep until â€Å"Ahoy there!† called a certain Tom Davis. He stood around 5 foot 5 inches tall with brown, curly hair tied up in a ponytail that was blowing in the breeze. His shirt was a perfect white and had a pendant poking out the top which looked to be a sharp tooth of some kind. His friend who had arrived with him was of the larger sort of size, so as to speak. He had what looked to have once been food down the front of his shirt. He had chubby cheeks, and wild black hair. His eyes were a friendly kind of brown and he wore odd socks having not been fully awake when dressing that morning. â€Å"Tom, Brown,† Will replied while nodding at each of them in turn. Brown as he was called was the second, larger and grubbier of the two boys, his actual name was Tim, Tim Brown. But his friends felt the name Tim just didn't suit him and with not much brains between the lads Brown seemed like an easy and suitable name. So Brown it was and they had stuck to that name since their first meetings of each other. â€Å"Will, you got a moment?† Tom asked. â€Å"They're wanting hands to help prepare for the festival tonight,† he finished. â€Å"Sure,† Will replied, â€Å"I was only down here to get away from the house.† Brown who was watching the bees fly from flower to flower turned towards Will and asked with a soft tone, â€Å"Trouble at home again?† â€Å"Nah just the landlord being a jerk that's all.† â€Å"Nothing new then, † Tom added. They chuckled on while walking back towards town, the trip from town to the orchards was short, which may have been why Will spent so much time there. Or maybe he just preferred the peace compared to the hustle and bustle of town. As the boys approached the town they could see the outline of another friend of theirs Ray Staines, Ray wasn't small but he wasn't really very tall either. He had short blonde hair and to be honest just usually tagged along with the group. â€Å"Hi Will! Hi Tom! Hi Brown!† Ray shouted enthusiastically. â€Å"Going to help with the festival?† â€Å"Yes,† Will replied while casting quizzical looks at the others. â€Å"We can all go together right?† asked Ray. â€Å"Sure,† Will answered. By the time they had arrived there was only a few hours till the festival begun. They moved over towards the man who seemed to be directing everyone about. â€Å"Hello there,† the man boomed. He was large, balding and his only other distinguishable feature was his button nose. His name was Riordan, Captain Riordan when addressed. â€Å"Sorry lads we've just finished setting up for the evening, so you can't get any discounts for helping to set up, so go home freshen up and spend lots of money tonight,† he said while chuckling to himself. Will, Tom, Brown, and Ray split up. â€Å"See you later guys!† Will called while walking home to prepare for the night's festival.

Pest Analysis England

†¢Environmental regulations and protection: As the menace of coal smoke receded the society changed its name (to the National Society for Clean Air) and its focus, and in the 1970s began to campaign vigorously on air pollution from industry and, increasingly, transport. During this period membership was mainly (although far from exclusively) drawn from local authorities, with some industrial membership. Perhaps the main achievement of the Society after the Clean Air Acts was the development of the concept of Local Air Quality Management and the incorporation of this in the Environment Act 1995.The original Environment Bill was intended to deal with issues such as the establishment of the Environment Agency, contaminated land, National Parks and waste topics. †¢Tax policies Britain is becoming a less attractive place to invest and work in because of government tax plans, trade and investment minister Digby Jones said on Friday, the latest non-political appointee to question policy. The ruling Labor party has come under pressure to match opposition plans to raise more tax from wealthy foreigners living and working in Britain.It has proposed to end tax breaks which mean rich residents who are non-domiciled for fiscal purposes pay no UK tax. †¢International trade regulations and restrictions a. Import Tariffs Customs duty is assessed on the fair market value of imported goods at the time they are landed in the UK. Import prices for products entering the UK from non-EU states generally consist of: Cost, Insurance, Freight and Duty, with VAT of 15% levied on the aggregate value. This sum is the exporter’s â€Å"landed cost, duty paid. The commercial invoice value is usually accepted as the normal price, but if a preferential arrangement has been established between the overseas supplier and the importer, or an unrealistic value has been declared, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) reserves the right to assess a fair market value for duty purposes. T he duty is payable at the time the goods are imported, but established importers can defer payment for an average of 30 days. In addition to customs duties on imported goods, an excise tax is levied on in-country sales of alcohol, tobacco, and road vehicles, and on sales of oil and petroleum products. . Trade Barriers The UK has no significant trade or investment barriers and no restrictions on the transfer of capital or repatriation of profits. The very few barriers that exist are almost all attributable to UK implementation of EU Directives and regulations. c. Import Requirements and Documentation A limited range of goods requires import licenses, which are issued by the UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform’s Import Licensing Branch. These include firearms and explosives, nuclear materials, controlled drugs and certain items of military equipment. d. U.S. Export Controls U. S. exports to the UK are subject to the normal U. S. export control regulatio ns, administered by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) for dual-use items and the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) for military end-use items. In June 2007, President Bush and Prime Minister Blair announced a forthcoming bilateral Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty, intended to greatly reduce licensing requirements arising from government-to government defense programs. At the time of writing, the Treaty is under review by the U. S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee.In addition to International Trafficking in Arms Regulations (ITAR), re-exports from the UK and the activities of UK-based subsidiaries, are subject to UK export controls. These are managed by the Export Control Organization (ECO), an office of the UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR). U. S. companies supplying certain restricted items appearing on the UK Military List, including missile and long-range UAV technology, are encouraged to consult guidance available from the E CO website on the trafficking and brokering provisions contained in the UK Export Control Act 2002. . Temporary Entry Raw materials, temporarily imported for incorporation into products for export, may be admitted without payment of duties and taxes. The importer must provide a bank or insurance company guarantee or indemnity for the applicable duties and taxes. Goods intended for unaltered re-export may also be imported free of duty for a period of up to six months by prior arrangement with Her Majesty’s Revenue & Custom (HMRC). Temporary entries and goods imported for technical examination and testing are subject to a VAT deposit scheme with VAT refunded following the re-export of the goods.Products imported for repair, calibration, or incorporation are admitted with conditional relief from duty and VAT pending correct disposal of goods, usually re-export from the European Community. Professional and demonstration equipment may be temporarily imported into the UK free of du ty and tax under the Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation of Professional Equipment. Additionally, these goods may also be imported under the above-mentioned VAT deposit scheme for temporary entries. f. Labeling and Marking RequirementsIn the UK, origin, weight and dimension, chemical composition and appropriate hazard warnings are required for consumer protection purposes on any product offered for retail sale. If the product cannot be labeled or marked, the data may be included on any packaging, accompanying printed material, or product literature. European and British clothing and shoe sizes are differently marked, and special provision may have to be made for apparel retail labeling. Dual labeling is strongly supported by the UK, which uses the practice as a cost-saving measure in its exports to North America. . Prohibited and Restricted Imports Prohibited imports include AM citizens band radios, switchblade knives, devices that project toxic, noxious or harmful subst ances (e. g. , tear gas), counterfeit coins and currency, certain types of pornography and hormone-treated beef. The UK participates in the Wassenaar Arrangement for the control of dual-use exports; the Australia Group (AG) for the control of chemical and biological weapons; and the Nuclear Suppliers’ Group (NSG) for nuclear-related goods, preventing the export of restricted goods and echnology to countries of proliferation concern. The UK also supports United Nations’ sanctions restricting exports to certain other destinations. Although sensitive to the extraterritorial application of U. S. law in export controls, the UK authorities cooperate with the U. S. in preventing the re-export of sensitive goods and technology of U. S. -origin to unauthorized destinations, when the enforcement action is based on multilateral controls. h. Customs Regulations and Contact InformationThe documents required for shipments include the commercial invoice, bill of lading or airway bill , packing list, insurance documents, and, when required, special certificates of origin, sanitation, ownership, etc. A copy of the commercial invoice should accompany the shipment to avoid delays in customs clearance. It is worth noting that imprecise descriptions are a common reason for goods being held without customs clearance, meaning that a clear description of the goods is essential and should be worded in such a way as to describe the goods to an individual who may not necessarily have an understanding of a particular industry or article.A clear description of goods should satisfy three basic questions as to what the product is, for what is it used, and of what it is made. No special form of invoice is required, but all of the details needed to establish the true value of the goods should be given. At least two additional copies of the invoice should be sent to the consignees to facilitate customs clearance. Consular documents are not required for shipments to the UK. †¢ Contract enforcement lawA contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. This may be seen as giving three interconnected elements: a. A promise In the context of English law, a reference to a promise here may be seen as misleading. It is often (rightly) stated that English law will not give effect to a mere promise and that an agreement, or meeting of minds, is required. In fact, this is simply a way of distinguishing between two types of promise, namely those which do and don't give rise to a legal duty.Thus, a promise to meet one's other half for dinner at 7pm gives rise to no legal obligation – it is a â€Å"mere† promise – whereas a promise to sell someone a car for ? 5000 gives rise to legal obligation. b. A legal duty arising from that promise Here, English contract doctrine distinguishes between bilateral and unilateral contracts. A bilateral contract gives rise to obligations on both sides. Thus in a contract of sale, the seller has an obligation to transfer title in the thing sold to the buyer, whilst the buyer has an obligation to pay the price.A unilateral contract, by contrast, gives rise to obligations on one side only. Thus â€Å"I will give you ? 100 if you run a marathon† gives rise to a legal duty on the maker of the statement (the promisor) to pay the money if the race is run, whilst the person to whom the statement is made (the promisee) is under no obligation to run in the first place. c. A remedy for breach of that duty In considering the development of remedies, a fundamental distinction in English law between common law (often just abbreviated to law) and equity must be understood.For much of its history, England had two separate systems of law working side by side, each of which had different rules. One, administered by the courts of common pleas and King’s Bench, was called â€Å"the comm on law†; the other, presided over by the Lord Chancellor in the court of chancery was â€Å"equity†. Since the Judicature Acts of the nineteenth century the two systems have been administered by the same courts, although they remain separate sets of doctrine.Most important for our current purposes is that the two systems developed different sets of remedies for breach of contract, although other equitable rules which have application to contracts will be discussed as they arise. d. Proof of promise: Objective intention e. Form of promise: Offer & acceptance f. Form of promise: Certainty g. Validity of promise: Intention to create legal relations h. Validity of promise: Consideration †¢Consumer protection The United Kingdom, as member state of the European Union, is bound by the consumer protection directives of the EU.Domestic (UK) laws originated within the ambit of contract and tort but, with the influence of EU law, it is emerging as an independent area of law. In many circumstances, where domestic law is in question, the matter judicially treated as tort, contract, restitution or even criminal law. Consumer Protection issues are dealt with when complaints are made to the Director-General of Fair Trade. The Office of Fair Trading [3]will then investigate, impose an injunction or take the matter to litigation. However, consumers cannot directly complain to the OFT.Complaints need to be made to Consumer Direct who will provide legal advice to complainants, or re-direct the individual complaint to Trading Standards for investigation. Due to restrictions within the Enterprise Act 2002, individual complainants are unable to be told whether their case is being investigated or not. In very rare cases, Consumer Direct may direct a very large number of complaints to the OFT to be considered as a systemic complaint. The OFT can also be engaged by consumer groups e. g.The Consumers Association or the statutory consumer protection body – Consum er Focus – via a super complaint. The OFT rarely prosecute companies, however, preferring a light touch regulation approach. Consumer complaints against companies are not published, but investigation work, undertakings and enforcements are located at [2]. Many of the consumer protection laws e. g. Distance Selling Regulations 2000 or Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Act 1997 are actually UK implementations of EU directives. The OFT is one of the bodies responsible for enforcing these rules.This leads to a problem in that these examples of legislation are clearly designed to deal with individual complaints but the OFT will only deal with systemic complaints and will ignore individual complainants redirecting them back to Consumer Direct. The Office of Fair Trading [3] also acts as the UK's official consumer and competition watchdog, with a remit to make markets work well for consumers, and at a local, municipal level by Trading Standards departments. General consumer advice can be obtained from Consumer Direct or via a local branch of the Citizen's Advice Bureau. Employment laws The law has given employees – and in many cases other workers who might not count as employees – rights and entitlements in relation to how they are disciplined and dismissed, how their grievances are handled, wages, absence from work and sickness, holidays, work breaks and working hours, time off for family emergencies, maternity and paternity leave, the right to apply for flexible working, redundancy and retirement. All workers have the right not to be discriminated against in relation to their gender or orientation, race, age, disabilities, or religion and beliefs.Staff who feel they have been denied their rights have redress by taking their employers to an Employment Tribunal. The chances of this happening have increased three-fold for employers in the past decade or so. There was a year on year increase in Employment Tribunal claims of 56 per cent last year ( 2009-10) bringing the number of claims received to their highest level ever at 236,100 claims (source: Tribunals Service). In unfair dismissal cases employers can be ordered to pay compensation of more than ? 76,000. In discrimination cases compensation awards are theoretically unlimited and six-figure payouts are not uncommon.

The Wonder of Motion Pictures Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Wonder of Motion Pictures - Movie Review Example The opening credits start off in the Locker-room of the Tyrell Corporation during the day with the words, "It's magnified and deeply revealed. Flecks of green and yellow in a field of milky blue. Icy filaments surround the undulating centre," ("Blade Runner" p.1). Interpreting the author's choice of words, the 'field of milky blue' appears to be the sky itself. This description falls within the definition of Mimesis being that it uses descriptive tone to introduce a visual understanding of a scene. While it also fits within the parameters of Diegesis based on telling the reader at the beginning where they are, it uses more of Mimesis. The next paragraph deals more so with verbal choices that give a better sense of the physical environment for which the story is taking place. While there is a continued mention of colour, there is also an addition of 'hard' words to describe the items within the scene. Such as, "The eye is brown in a tiny screen. On the metallic surface below, the words VOIGHT-KAMPFF are finely etched. There's a touch-light panel across the top and on the side of the screen, dial that registers fluctuations of the iris," ("Blade Runner" p.1). ... With that being said, the previous paragraph detailing the milky blue and the flecks of green and yellow, in keeping with the theme of the iris, may actually be tied in together with the description of a human eye. The 'field of a milky blue' would be if one was to look into the eye of a person whose iris was blue. It is common for people to have small particles of a different colour that lies within their eye, so the 'flecks of green and yellow' would be the slight colour imperfections within the eye itself. As the script goes further, the author uses narration to give the story a clean movement from beginning to end. The reader is able to keep in line with how the story is intended to proceed. The frequency of descriptive words plays into the author's narration intent. For a piece of work to be best comprehended and ultimately enjoyed, the narrative has to be at which a clearer picture is given of what it is that is trying to be said in the first place. The following two paragraphs are important to mention, especially in deciphering the intent of their usage, and the meaning of how the author may intend to have the story play out.  

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty - Essay Example The cultural concept of the ‘American dream’ is threatened by the concept of poverty. The behavioral poverty theory blames people for their impoverished state. 50.2 Million people are in a food insecure household which represents 23.3% of all children. Conservatives, in order to cut social programs, demonized the poor and classified them as immoral through anecdotal myths. Clients Name Name of Professor Name of Class Date Poverty in America The United States was founded on the ideology of equality, although much of that equality took decades, even centuries, to come close to achieving. The nation is still a work in progress, a continuing social experiment that has the potential to reach a state of enlightened social construction. However, one of the core principles that has framed the ideology of the country has been the principle of the â€Å"American dream†. This dream is based upon the idea that through the freedoms that have been established through law and th rough the beliefs that have become ingrained within the culture, every person can find success. However, while opportunity does exist, the paths to opportunity are fraught with obstacles that not everyone can endure. Poverty has become an obscenity against the concept of â€Å"the land of opportunity† to the point that in some instances it has been criminalized. Cultural belief systems have made it a state of moral decay as well as financial Because of the cultural discourse on poverty, the needs of those who have suffered so many losses that recovery is next to impossible without assistance are so poorly addressed that recovery from poverty is near impossible. In the 1970s and 1980s, a shift was seen in the way that the public considered the state of poverty. In the1980s when Ronald Reagan took the office of the President of the United States, one of his goals was to change the way in which the welfare system addressed the issue of poverty. The amount of resources that were devoted to public assistance were considered too high by the conservatives and reframing the nature of poverty seemed to be the best recourse in lowering the amount of money spent on social services. Therefore, the concept of behavioral poverty was invented which was a theory that looked at the behavior of individuals as being responsible for their financial position rather than socio-economic problems that needed to be addressed. Behavioral poverty outlines a series of behaviors that are connected to being poor. Three behaviors were identified as being central to combating poverty and the behaviors that lead to poor financial resources: â€Å"completing high school, once an adult, get married and stay married (even if not on the first try), and stay employed, even at a wage and under conditions below their ultimate aims† (Stoesz 70). The foundational belief, however, is that the way to combat poverty is to go back to work. Therefore, in order to support this belief system, t he government constructed guidelines and requirements that must be followed in order to qualify for welfare in order to promote a return to work for those who are suffering from impoverished conditions (Stoesz 71). New Paternalism is a set of social policies that are intended as â€Å"a prescription for alleviating behavioral poverty. If the poor suffered from poverty other than absence of cash, and this was attributed to volition, the a logical policy outcome would be to

Entrepreneurial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurial Finance - Essay Example ing the relevant external and internal elements which are involved in new business startups it answers the questions such as where the organization stands right now, which direction is it going in and how to get there. It acts as a resume for any proposed business and is usually created to explain the vision and entrepreneur has for his business. A business plan is read by investors, employees, bankers, venture capitalists, customers, suppliers and advisors. Every stakeholder has a different perspective and interest in the business and so the content and focus of a business plan depends upon who is going to read it. For a profit organization, a business plan typically focuses on the financial goals such as profits. It comprises of the industry dynamics, company’s vision and mission, the resources required to run the business, the amount of capital needed, the sources of capital, the production and marketing plan and the pro forma financial statements to determine the expected profitability of the company over time. In short, it is a complete document consisting of all the information related to a business. A business plan is valuable not only to an entrepreneur, but to potential investors or even the new personnel who want to familiarize themselves with the venture, its goals and objectives. Following are three major roles of a business plan: The financial assessment of a business is an important activity which must be carried out on a continuous basis. It is done to identify if the business is solvent, that is, if its assets exceeds its debt and thus making the business capable of paying to all its creditors on time. Secondly, it helps entrepreneurs of investors to estimate the equity value of the company at any given point in time. A business is considered a financial success if it meets the following criteria: The financial plan of a business is the section in the business plan which determines if the new business venture is viable or not, or if it would be

Code of ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Code of ethics - Research Paper Example n the system give the example that others follow in conducting ethical behavior within the correctional facilities and outside as stipulated in the code of ethics. The correctional system just like any other organization is prone to gross unethical practices. This is more so because prisoners are more likely to be denied their rights by unethical prison officials, by assuming that they have no right to be treated right for being behind bars (Misha, 2006). The written code of ethics in the correctional system is thus highly important in ensuring that prison official, probation officers, and all officials within all ranks of the correctional system act within the required behavioral provisions, both within the prison facilities and outside (Justiits Ministeerium, n.d.). Ethics within the correctional system is not clear cut, which is why the written code of ethics acts as a guide of virtuous practices, traditions and morals required in the prison service. The code of ethics also acts as the guide within which to get rid of members of the correctional system who commit policy violation and who engage in criminal acts, the most reported being drug peddling to prisoners and sexual exploitation of prisoners (Misha, 2006). The importance of the code of ethics is also based on the need for members of the correctional services to act honestly, serve with respect for dignity and individuality of all human beings, and be committed to offering professional and compassionate service to all members of the public, including prisoners (Justiits Ministeerium, n.d.). The code of ethics promotes respect not only for prisoners but also amongst colleagues within the correctional system. The fourth provision of the written code is that members shall only make public criticism of their colleagues if they have constructive and verifiable evidence (ACA, 2012). This creates an aspect of respect and prevents events of malice amongst officials, which would be accompanied by vices of

Financial viability within a health care organization Essay

Financial viability within a health care organization - Essay Example On the other hand, finance deals with concepts, methods, and principles of managing the relevant accounting data for the purposes of attaining certain goals for the business or any given organization (Wiedemann, 2009). Finance involves an aspect of management precisely because it anchors on decision making using available information. Generally, the process of financial management involves the determination of a range of factors that determine the performance of a business or organization. Alternative definitions have explained the difference between accounting and finance by terming finance as a decision science, which relies on the rational methods and means supplied by accounting to arrive at informed decisions, which appertain to the performance of an organization (Wiedemann, 2009). Some theorists have extended this definition to infer that accounting is subordinate to financial management to the extent that it supplies the raw data on which it builds its synthesis. However, experts emphasize on the complementary relationship between the two fields with clear demarcations of areas of specialization. Finance is largely used within the ranks of management although it applies to all levels that have particular interest in financial predictions, budgeting, risk analyses, performance projections, and many other attributes the determine the daily running of businesses and non-profit organizations. The multiple natures of application of the theories and principles of fin ance lend itself to various interpretations in connection with nature of processes and type of organization. The accounting processes and financial management in a healthcare sector are special and different from the usual processes as they relate to normal businesses. According to some financial analysts, the major distinguishing aspect of healthcare finance and accounting is that sources of income are not directly connected to the beneficiaries of

Technologies Contribute in High School Education Research Proposal

Technologies Contribute in High School Education - Research Proposal Example From the discussion it is clear that  today, many high schools do not have enough computers, this being a major shortcoming to the utter integration of technology in learning initiative; equally, the utilization of the resource available is to a minimum. In fact, top-level management sees no need of increasing the technology resources since the teachers or students put in a little effort in making use of the laptops and computers present; additionally, most of them make random excuses for this, the main being the aspect of time.According to the study findings  meaningfully, teachers’ abilities and awareness play a significant role in the depth at which the technology resources apply in the learning of high school students today. Most of the teachers, who have taught for a long time, are more reluctant to applying technology as compared to new recruits; mainly because of the advancements that are there in their training. All institutions and teachers require taking consider ation of technology as a factor of edification since most students show interest with most of them purchasing laptops and tablet computers that are clear indication that they are willing to use them.  The main objective is proposing ways to improve education and learning for high students through technology, and utilizing the available resources such as schools’ computers and students’ laptops. However, availing these resources is not enough and additional factors require consideration i.e. teachers skills and incentives to engage in the same.

Unit 3 Assignments and Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 3 Assignments and Discussions - Essay Example Our staff documents numerous instances of neglect and emotional abuse, which we reported to a local childcare protective services agency (Feeney & Freeman 2012). Amazingly, investigation was conducted and the child allowed remaining in the uncles home. However, the situation seems not to improve. The NAEYC code requires rights of the children to be respected. The individuals found to promulgate child abuse stand to be sued and imprisoned. In our case, the uncle and his girlfriend should be arrested and charged for causing emotional problem to the child. You have a child in your room that has been diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He sometimes scares the younger children with his boisterous and frenetic activity. A parent who is a kindergarten teacher notices his behavior and asks you what the problem is. The problem involves my child who has been diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).The child scares the younger children with his boisterous and frenetic activity. In the process, a parent who is a kindergarten teacher notices his behavior and demanded to know from me (Feeney & Freeman 2012).. The NAEYC evaluation the teacher of the program to liaise with the children, as well as the instructors of the standard paper and pencil. The test should be conducted in a manner as to avoid stressing the children. This can be attained through preparing the children psychologically and subject them to the test at a relaxed manner. In addition to that, the aide will do a lot of work and hence this can cause commotion within the class. Essentially, the tests should be conducted within the room and cover a large number of children. Once the children are separated, there are chances to have some of them frustrated and give inaccurate results. According to NAEYC codes, the teacher should be strict on using the English language instead of

Poem analysis of Digging (1966) by Seamus Heaney Essay

Poem analysis of Digging (1966) by Seamus Heaney - Essay Example The first image, the pen, also serves as a frame for the poem, appearing in the second line of the poem and the thirtieth line. These images contrast the purposes of each implement. The narrator of the poem appears to be a writer. His ancestors are all farmers. The tools they used all had a specific purpose that resulted in a way of life, farming. By becoming a writer, the narrator has broken the mold of his family. Throughout the poem, he considers the spade his father and grandfather used, and the pen is obviously not as useful in a physical sense as the spade. But, by comparing the pen to a gun, the narrator is giving it power. The pen cannot gather food from the earth or split turf to sell, but the words it creates can be as powerful as a gun. Words have inspired wars and resulted in the imprisonment of writers. The next juxtaposed images are of the father gardening and the father digging potatoes. In the first stanza, the narrator is composing at a window. While he is writing, his father is below the window digging in flower beds. This image thrusts the narrator into the past where he remembers his father digging potatoes. The juxtaposed images are present in the line, â€Å"I look down / Till his straining rump among the flowerbeds / Bends low, comes up twenty years away† (Heaney 5-7). This image mirrors the thoughts of the narrator about the usefulness of his pen. The father once engaged in meaningful work with his shovel, digging potatoes, but he now spends his time digging in flower beds. The narrator feels the same about his ancestry and his current occupation. He is a writer, which is the practical equivalent of digging in flower beds instead of in a potato patch. The image continues as the narrator travels back to memories of his grandfather, who used his tools for one purpos e, cutting peat. For the narrator, the value of a tool seems to

Creating Methodology Essay Example for Free

Creating Methodology Essay 1. Discuss factors about the corporate culture that were at play, and suggest central reasons why the executive staff waited as long as they had to consider the development of an enterprise project management methodology (EPM). 2. Recommend to both the senior executives (i.e., the company) and John Compton (i.e., the president) whether the project management office (PMO) should report to the chief information officer (CIO) or to someone else. Justify the response. 3. Use at least three (3) quality references.Note: Wikipedia and (3). Difference Quotient A classmate states that the difference quotient of any linear function f(x) = mx + b is always m. Explain if you agree or disagree with this statement, and state why. I disagree because he is using the wrong formula. f(x) = mx + b is the slope-intercept form of a linear function and m represents the slope.

Dream Job And Personal Quality English Language Essay

Dream Job And Personal Quality English Language Essay 1. a) What are the personal qualities that you should have to help you obtain the job of your dreams? To do that, identify the people around you who can help you acquire the information that you are seeking to gain a complete perspective. b) Prepare a list of question (minimum 8) that you would ask these people 2. Recall a conflict that you have been involved in recently a. Identify the primary source of the conflict described b. Do you think the other party would agree about the primary source of the conflict? Why or why not? c. Identify any secondary sources of the conflict d. How did each dimension affect the way the participant approached the conflict? 2.0 Intro to business communication Business communication is a process that a sender and receiver exchange information through a medium which will result a shared feedback. In the process of communicating, at first the sender has an idea need to inform another person. Secondly, the sender encodes the idea into a message so that the message can travels over channel which the channel is the medium; the message is travel by speaking up by the senders mouth. Then the receiver decodes the message by hearing the message by using the ears. After that, there will be a feedback travels back to the sender to decode, if the sender got any possible additional feedback, then it will transfer back to the receiver. The most common way that they communicate is by speaking, visual images, body language and writing. And the main goals of communicate is to change behavior, to get action, to get and give information, to ensure understanding and to persuade. In communication also have two types of communication which is internal and external communication, and inside the internal and external also got formal channels and informal channels. Each communication which also have their own network to communicate, there are four network to communicate. Chain network, circle network, star network and wheel network is the network of their information exchange. 3.0 Intro to dream job and personal quality In this world there are many jobs to choose to be, and each job has its own special and its personality. Also each job also needs its own personal quality to achieve the jobs personality. My dream job is to be a pilot; the major part of personal quality of my dream job is passionate and effective communication. It is because that personal quality will straightly affect the work performance, when working there is many personal qualities are needed. Personal qualities are similar to the skills while in the working place, it shows that how you do to enhance your working performance. While personal qualities are similar to skill set of working performance, it is also shows that your own personal characteristics individually. It is also an aspect of your character. 4.0 Personal qualities Personal qualities are the personality and attitude to meet against all of your work and life. There are also many types of personal qualities, the main thing to control the personal quality that is personality, like attitude, passionate and other. Different personality will also lead to a different type of personal quality changes. 4.0.1 Passionate Effective Communication The job of my dreams is to be a pilot. To be a pilot, I should also have the personal qualities to obtain the job qualification. So, what is the personal qualities should I have? To be a pilot, the first personal qualities I should have is the passionate, if I work this job, I must have to be passionate about the job, when I work cannot be so cool and not to communicate with other colleague. 4.0.2 Computer Literacy Technology Literacy Nowadays in 21st century, one of the personal qualities that most employers wanted is that, a person will have a computer and technical literacy. It is because nowadays almost all jobs now require an understanding, ranging from basic to advance of computer software, spreadsheets, e-mail, and internet navigation. Without the knowledge of computer literacy, then they will more on manpower to work. So as my dream job is to be a pilot, if I dont have the computer literacy, then the device and system in the plane will cannot be used. When the system of the plane may goes wrong, we also can solve it quickly. Speaking of which, problem-solving also another personal qualities a pilot should have. When a pilot in the air has met some problem, he must solve it quick and have a critical thinking to control the chaos and conquer the challenges. 4.0.3 Attitude Interpersonal Abilities As a pilot, attitude also is an important thing on personal qualities, without the attitude, they will think that youre bad. So when serving them, the attitude must be polite and low voice. Good attitude will evade conflict. Interpersonal abilities are also a personal quality by building relationship or management of the relationship to everyone, as a pilot interpersonal ability is cannot be less. When meet a moody customer, we also need to have a good attitude to them making a good relationship by having interpersonal ability to communicate with him. 4.0.4 Leadership Teamwork Teamwork is to cooperate with your colleague when is in flight, it is also consider to leadership when the flight got any problem, as a leader of the flight it must be control the crowd on the plane, so must have leadership that offer the stewardess to control the crowd to calm down. Everyone in the plane must be calm down, as a leader cannot be panic, so leader must keep steady and stay cool when any problems come. 4.0.5 Positive thinking Confidence Every job also needs these kinds of personal qualities, without it then your work cannot proceed. But as a pilot, these personal qualities cannot be less, if a pilot is having negative thought and lack of confidence, then his decision will be a failure to be done. It is because on a flight, there is many humans life in your hand. One failure will lead to a tragedy. To be positive thinking then will have the critical thinking as always, when danger comes. Nothing can block your way when in positive thinking. 4.0.6 Management Responsibility As a pilot, before flight departure must be well planned the course to flight in the air, without the management of the flight then the time to reach the place will cannot be accurate. If management is bad, the responsibility also will be very bad. As a pilot, must be responsible to the time management and everything. When things go wrong on the flight, the pilot will be responsible to everything. 4.1 Person who can give me information and complete perspective The people who can help me acquire this personal quality information are the friends or family that is experience in working as a pilot or stewardess. We also can ask the pilot or stewardess about the personal quality and their mentality when their work. By asking them how they maintain the personal quality and how to enhance. All that information is getting from my friends and pilot are only can do as a reference. The information that I get from my survey, it is also based on their experience to answer my question, their answer only support my question to achieve my complete perspective. 4.2 Questions would ask people for information 1. What personal quality should be acquired? _____________________________________________________________________ 2. How do you use the opportunities to help you achieve your dream job? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. When there are obstacles, how you solve it? _____________________________________________________________________ 4. How to improve the personal quality? _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Which personal quality is needed the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 6. When your dream job is needed more time, you will forfeit or continue? Why? _____________________________________________________________________ 7. When is your starting to brace up to chase your dream job? _____________________________________________________________________ 8. Which personal quality makes you doesnt give up? _____________________________________________________________________ 5.0 Conclusion Recommendation As my conclusion, no matter which job to be taken, all personal qualities are also needed to be used. So it is conclude that, all works are also need all of the personal qualities. Without those personal qualities, the work performance and working situation will also bad and will not be a successful person. Not every person in every situation also can do their job with their own personal quality, but they still can improve their personal quality. By improve their personal quality; they first can control their temper to improve their personal quality. It is because that, most of them cannot withstand their temper so that they will do something madness so that when their work, the personal quality of them will not be so perfect anymore. So when working, personal quality and skill set must be use, to improve on the working performance. While your work performance are good, so that when have a communication with colleague who are work with you will be very good. Also changing information will be very good for improve the result. 6.0 Intro of conflict that have been involved recently Conflict is an argument and disagreement which two or more parties are involving the threat of their needs, concerns or interests. Conflict will always appear especially at working place, it is because there are sure will be many arguments or disagreements. Conflict also have a few categories which is the topic or subject at hand, it is also the common conflict. It is means by when in the workplace, the scheduling or the budgeting problem. Secondly, is the process, when working no matter is in a group or solo, it will also shows that two or more parties will show their best to do, but only that are some problem on one of them maybe weak, and another will have stronger, so that conflict happens. Relational issues and ego are also one of the conflicts. There are many causes of conflict, misunderstanding, personality clashes, and competition for resources, authority issues, and lack of cooperation, difference over methods, low performance and the value or goal difference. These causes are making conflict in everywhere, no matter in what place, there are many conflict especially in working place. I have a conflict recently which is while I was in a club, I was an activity planner, which I was with four members inside them include me. I was having an idea, another one of us also having an idea, but our both opinion was different. And the president is buying my idea, not buying another partners idea. So that he doesnt cooperate with us and this is the conflict that we have it. 7.0 Findings Primary source is a topic which is under investigation with direct evidence. The detail of all conflict, information is getting right through interview. In my conflict, the primary source is that we are having different opinion. After that, my colleague will not cooperate with us, so that it will lead our mission will may not be accomplish. In the club, we have four activity planner, although all also have own idea. But all these years, we all also support on one idea, but this time another partner in the club dont cooperate just because of the president not buying his idea, so he doesnt want to be cooperative. Secondary source is a topic which is under investigation with the evidence is getting through another person. The detail and information are may not be true and not correctly, the content of the information may be wrong. In my conflict, the secondary source is that although my colleagues idea, the president doesnt buy it, then he will wanted to demolish my idea and plan. In the club, he is already not cooperating with us, but still there are rumors that he wants to demolish my idea and planning. While this is a secondary source, the news is getting from another person, so it may be true or false. As in the primary source, another party also agrees the primary source of the conflict; he is not cooperate and because of the president not buying his idea. And there are secondary source which is heard by another person, and the news is that he want to demolish my idea and destroy my plan. So he is agreeing that the primary source, it is because he is sure to not cooperate with my planning. 8.0 Approached to conflict While facing the conflict, there are several ways to react and each of the approach will have many different results. There are many ways to facing the conflict; Avoiding, accommodation, competition, collaboration and compromise is the way to facing the conflict. While these are the ways to solve the conflict, this is the negotiating method to solve the conflict. Except for this, there is more solution to solve the conflict; negotiating strategies are also one of the ways to solve the conflict. In negotiating strategies is using win-win strategies, win-lose strategies, lose-win strategies, lose-lose strategies. There are many ways to solve the conflict. There are method strategies, negotiating styles and negotiating method. And in my conflict, negotiating methods are good to solve the conflict. So that the method I choose to solve the conflict is negotiating method. 8.1 Negotiating Method Compromise By using the compromise method, each of the party need to sacrifices something that he or she is seeking to gain on agreement. After compromise, both parties are also willing to cooperate with each other, so that it will lead to a win-win solution. Collaboration By using the collaboration method, both of the parties are needed to commit to work together to resolve the conflicts between them. After resolve the problems, then making their own benefits or profits, it will lead to a win-win solution. Competition By using competition method, both parties will fight for each other for their own good. This method is fast and decisive action to resolve the conflict. But in the end, it will lead to a win-lose solution which the initial person who makes conflict will get the benefits. Accommodating By using accommodating method, it is giving a space between them, and maintains a harmony way to resolve the conflict. So the initial person who makes conflict will sacrifice own principle and making harmony. It will lead to lose-win solution. Withdrawal and Avoidance By using withdrawal and avoidance method, both parties also choose to let go the conflict, and by using this method, it will lead to lose-lose solution. While using withdrawal and avoidance method, most of the result if will need other person to investigate. 9.0 Conclusion of conflict management As my conclusion, this conflict can be solving by using many method, strategies and many more. For solving every conflict, the best solution to solve the conflict while using negotiating method is compromise or collaboration. It is because that these two methods will lead to win-win solution. Compromise is that both parties willing to sacrifices one of their aim, so that can cooperate to work together to obtain a good outcome and result. While compromise is both parties sacrifices something, collaboration is both of the parties work together but the gaining of the benefits is belong on their choice, after the cooperation, then will lead to win-win solution which both also get their benefits. 10.0 Conclusion Recommendation As for conclusion in business communication, it is normally use to communicate with people in all around the world. Communication is very important to everyone else, it is because that, communicate is everyones way to exchange their information and their thought. Communication are not only got speaking to communicate. Visual images, body language and writing are also the common way to communicate with people. And each of the communication methods also have different ideas and result of what detail and information you heard, you see or you get. It is depends on the people that how he or she absorb and get to know the information and detail about something. While both parties communicating, there are many common communications error sure will occur. For example, multitasking while listening from another, while someone is asking something, then ask one by one should be alright with the communication, but if ask something which the other parties doesnt have the chance to answer that question, then it will become a communication failure. Finishing other sentences, preparing our response before someone has completed speaking, filtering content or meaning based on the speaker, speaking for other. This is all the communications common error that will always occur. For recommendation, communicate slowly and with the voice of interesting waves, it is because no one likes to hear a voice which is the voice is high pitch or low pitch sound.

The Definitions And Theories On Globalisation Politics Essay

The Definitions And Theories On Globalisation Politics Essay Without an iota of doubt it can be said that one of the metanarratives of our time is globalisation. Indeed, the phrases like the world has become a global village have become clichà ©s. To quote Fred Halliday Globalization has become, over the past few years, the catchword of international economic and political analysis. [Halliday, 2000, pp. 238] David Held and Anthony Mcgrew have expressed this in a slightly different way Indeed, globalization is in danger of becoming, if it has not already become, the clichà © of our times: the big idea which encompasses everything from global financial markets to the Internet but which delivers little substantive insight into the contemporary human condition [Held, Mcgrew, et al. 1999, pp. 1] They then superinduce globalization reflects a widespread perception that the world is rapidly being moulded into a shared social space by economic and technological forces and that developments in one region of the world can have profound consequences f or the life chances of individuals or communities on the other side of the globe.[Ibid] Here in this paper, first we will deal with the definitional and conceptual aspects of globalization. Then we will focus on the prospects and challenges of globalization. Finally, we will try to arrive at a cogent conclusion. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION: Globalization has been defined by different writers in different ways. Indeed, it has got different meanings to different people. According to Anthony Mcgrew, in simplest terms, globalization refers to widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness [Mcgrew in Smith and Baylis (ed), pp. 20]. Martin Griffiths and Terry O Callaghan have defined is as the acceleration and intensification of mechanisms, processes and activities that are allegedly promoting global interdependence and perhaps ultimately global political and economic integration. It is, therefore, a revolutionary concept, involving the deterritorialisation of social, political, economic, and cultural life. [Griffiths and OCollaghan, 2004, pp. 126-127]. According to Steve Smith and John Baylis, globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness between societies such that events in one part of the world have more and more effects on peoples and societies for away. They have also conceptualized the global world as one in which political, economic, cultural and social events become more and more impact. [Smith and Baylis ed, 2005, pp. 8] It is to be viewed not as a mere series of reforms giving free rein to transnational companies but as a radical programme to reshape the entire, economic, political, legal and ideological landscape of capitalism [Zuege, Leys et al (ed), 2006, pp. 1]. Amiya Kumar Bagchi has provided a different interpretation of globalization in his paper Womans Employment and well-being in a Globalising world as a deliberate concatenation and control of processes of production, exchange, information and services by the rich in rich nations of the world in collusion with the rich of most countries so as to increase their own power and wealth at the cost of the poor and disadvantaged everywhere. [Bagchi in Kar (ed), 2005, pp. 276] We may cite a few more definitions of globalization In words of Giddens, globalization refers to the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. [Quoted in Smith and Baylis (ed), 2005, pp. 24] Gilpin calls it The integration of the world-economy. [Ibid]. Scholte conceptualizes it in terms of De-territorialisation or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the growth of supraterritorial relations between people. [Ibid] David Harvey defines globalization in terms of time space compression. [Ibid] Anthony Mcgrew defines globalisation as a historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents. [Mcgrew in Smith and Baylis (ed), 2005, pp. 24] In his presidential address to the 78th Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association (28-30 Dec, 1995), Deepak Nayyar defined globalization as the expansion of economic activities across political boundaries of the nation states. More important, perhaps, it refers to a process of increasing economic integration and growing economic inter-dependence between countries in the world economy. It is associated not only with an increasing cross-border movement of goods, services, capital, technology, information and people also with an organization of economic activities which straddles national boundaries. [Nayyar, 1996, pp. 1] Held and Mcgrew have written, A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements : extensity (stretching), intensity, velocity and impact. And a satisfactory account of globalization must examine them thoroughlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. By acknowledging these dimensions a mere precise definition of globalization can be offered. Accordingly, globalization can be thought of as: a process (or set of process) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power. [Held and Mcgrew (ed), 1999, pp. 15-16]. According to C. Sheela Reddy, Globalisation is a complex, multidimensional, social, economic, cultural, technological and political process in which the mobility of capital, ideas, technology, organizations and people has acquired a growing global and transnational form. Advances in new technology (in particular information and communications technology), cheaper and quicker transport, trade, liberalization, increase in financial flows and growth in the size and power of corporations are its distinctive features. It is a blessing to people benefitting from the new opportunities. At the same time others are being left behind in poverty, effectively marginalized from the hopes that globalization holds out. [Reddy, 2008, pp. 84] Thus, from the above definitions, we may reiterate some important aspects of globalization like increasing interaction of social, economic, and political activity, relative deterritorialisation and de-nationalisation of the state, increasing movements of good and services, deregulation of national economy and so on. Anthony Mcgrew observes that globalization is characterized by a stretching of social, political and economic activities across political frontiers. the intensification, or the growing magnitude of interconnectedness in almost every sphere of social existence. the accelerating pace of global interactions and processes as the evolution of world wide systems of transport and communication. the growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions. [Mcgrew in Steve and Baylis (ed), 2005, pp. 22] PERIODISATION OF GLOBALISATION: The periodisation of the process of globalization has been a matter of intense debate. Some regard it as a new phenomenon, while others regard it as the new phase of an old phenomenon and thus old wine in a new bottle. Chandan Sengupta has written One opinion is that the concept of globalization dates back to the voyage of discovery in the 15th century. According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the capitalist economic foundation of globalization was laid as early as in the16th century. Ronald Roberstson traced the historical temporal path of globalization to the present complex structure of global system through five phases: (i) the germinal (1400-1750) phase of dissolution of christendom an emergence of nationalism in Europe, (ii) the incipient (1750-1875) phase of nation state and the initial phase of internationalism and universalism in Europe, (iii) the take off (1875-1925) phase of conceptualization of the world as a single international society, global calendar, first world war, mass international migration and inclusion of non-Europeans in the international club of nation states; (iv) the struggle for hegemony (1925-1969) phase of cold war, the emergence of legue of Nations and the UN, and the emergence of third world, and (v ) the uncertainty (1969-1992) phase of space exploration, recognition of global environmental problem and global mass media, via space technology [ ] The roots of newly emerging forces of globalization have been traced in specific economic and political developments in the late 1980s or early 1990s. [Sengupta, 2001, pp. 3137] TWO PERSPECTIVES OF THE CONCEPTUAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF GLOBALISATION: According to Chandan Sengupta, there are two broad contexts in which globalization has been defined. These two contexts are not very far from one another. One is the economic context, the other that of non-economic which broadly includes socio-cultural, historical and political dimensions of globalization. Such a division of however, the author admits, in reality appear to be false because it is difficult to observe cultural dimensions of globalization totally independent of its material aspects. Scholars like Immanuel Wallerstein have resorted to the first perspective. While, Giddens, Robertson and Waters et. al, have tried to look globalization through the prism of socio-cultural perspective. [Ibid, pp. 3138]. THE GLOBALISATION DEBATE AND THE THREE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: Anthony, Mcgrew, David Held et. al have pointed out three broad schools of thought in relation to the globalization debate namely the hyperglobalizers, the sceptics, and the transformationalists. In essence each of these schools may be said to represent a distinctive account. We will highlight briefly what these theses are: For the hyperglobalisers, such as Ohmae, contemporary globalization defines a new era in which peoples everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace. By contrast the sceptics, such as Hirst and Thompson, argue that globalization is essentially a myth which conceals the reality of an international economy increasingly segmented into three major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful. Finally, for the transformationalists, chief among them being Rosenau and Giddens, contemporary patterns of globalization are conceived as historically unprecedented such that states and societies across the globe are experiencing a process of profound change as they try to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world. Interestingly more of these three schools map directly on to traditional ideology positions or worldviews. [Held and Mcgrew, et. al, 1999, pp. 2] Held and others have also summarized the three dominant tendencies of globalization debate in a tabular form as follows. Conceptualizing globalization: three tendency Hyperglobalists Sceptics Transformationalists Whats new? A global age Trading blocs, weaker geogoverance than in earlier periods Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness Dominant features Global capitalism, global governance, global civil society World less interdependent than in 1890s Thick'(intensive and extensive) globalization Power of national governments Declining or eroding Reinforced or enhanced Reconstituted restructured Driving forces of globalization Capitalism and technology States and markets Combined forces of modernity Pattern of stratification Erosion of old hierarchies Increased marginalization of south New architecture of world orders Dominant motif McDonalds, Madonna etc. National interest Transformation of political community Conceptualization of globalization As a reordering of the framework of human action As internationalization in regionalisation As reordering of interregional relations and actions at a distance Historical trajectory Global civilization Regional blocs / clash of civilizations Indeterminate global integration and fragmentation Summery argument The end of the nation-state Internationalisation depends on state acquiescence and support Globalization transformation state power and world politics [Ibid, pp. 10] It is noteworthy that when it comes to the sources of contention in the globalization debate, Held and others have mentioned five principal sources namely conceptualization causation periodisation impacts and the trajectories of globalization. [Held and Mcgrew et al.,1999,p10 ] It is not the purpose of this paper to explore them all at length. So, we will limit our discussion to the prospects and challenges of globalization only. PROSPECTS OF GLOBALISATION: Globalisation is a double edged phenomenon. It has got prospects as well as challenges. As regards the prospects or post dimensions of globalization, Smith and Baylis have written: The pace of economic transformation is so great that it has created a new world politics. States are no longer closed units and they cannot control their economies. The world economy is more interdependent than ever, wit trade and finances ever expanding. Communications have fundamentally revolutionized the way we deal with the rest of the world. We now live in a world where events in one location can be immediately observed in the other side of the world. Other side of the world. Electronic communications alter our notions of the social groups we work and live in. There is now, more than ever before, a global culture, so that most urban areas resemble one another. The world shares a common culture, much of it emanating from Hollywood. The world is becoming more homogeneous. Differences between peoples are diminishing. Time and space seem to be collapsing. Our old ideas of geographical space and of chronological time are undermined by the speed of modern communications and media. There is emerging a global polity, with transnational social and political movements and the beginnings of a transfer of allegiance from the state to sub-state, transnational, and international bodies. A cosmopolitan culture is developing. People are beginning to think globally and act locally. A risk culture is emerging with people realizing both that the main risks that face them are global (pollution and AIDS) and that states are unable to deal with the problems. [Smith and Baylis, 2005, pp. 10-11] C. Sheela Reddy wrote about the positive dimensions of globalizations as follows Increasing economic opportunities for countries to find markets in which their labour forces can compete effectively. Opportunities for countries with institutional and technical infrastructure to attract investments. Increasing consumer choice and falling prices for individuals around the world. Increasing protection of vulnerable groups, as communications technology facilitates global awareness and actions by international solidarity and human rights movements. Better protection of the right to seek, receive and impact information through new communication tools including cellular phones, satellite television and the internet. The right of freedom of association or freedom of assembly for which physical presence is no longer required due to new communication tools. Facilitating exchange of information on social policies and services, access to educational information and multicultural link with people of other cultures. [Reddy, 2008, pp. 86] Certain writers argue that now national boundaries do not stand in way of process of an individual or a community thanks to globalization. Men (and women) have gained access to the treasure of knowledge and culture which is the product of genius all over the world. Now local communities have the opportunity to benefit from technology information, services, and markets available anywhere in the world. Finally, globalization has created an awareness regarding the global environment all over the world, and different nations have come to recognize global problems as a matter of their individual and collective responsibility [Gauba, 2005, pp. 173] Another section of writers who strike a balance between the merits and demerits of globalization have noted that globalisation has raised per capita income in the world to three times since 1945; it has created awareness regarding environment, and congenial conditions for disarmament. It has brought the condition of subordinate groups to limelight and inspired them to form their global organizations for their emancipation. It has also liberated them from the ideological domination of their local communities and enabled them to fight for their legitimate rights. [Ibid] As regard the impact of globalization on women, Lene Sjorup has written: women are ( ) involved in globalization at a number of interlocking, diverse and sometimes even contradictory levels. They may very well be the victims of one aspect of globalization, while they remain central actors in other aspects. Why, I ask myself, paint a picture of an overwhelming enemy confronting women, when a more detailed socio-religio-political analysis shows that women participate in complicated ways in global developments? Women surely are confronted with a number of obstacles at many levels. But, why use a mega-term like globalisation for describing the arch-enemy, instead of analyzing the many forms of oppression women face within the process of globalization, and including those from which we also benefit. [Sjorup, 1997, pp. 97] Thus, it would be wrong to treat globalization as a total anathema. As regards the future of globalization, Stanley Fischer (the first Deputy Managing Director of IMF) commented to Closing Panel Discussion of IMF on Aug 26, 2000: What about the future (of globalization)? Two cheering observations to begin with: First, most developing countries continue to liberalize trade despite their complaints about the global trading system. We calculate an index of trade barriers for individual IMF member countries. Almost uniformly, it shows that barriers to trade have been declining in the developing countries. They understand that unilateral trade liberalization is in their own interest, they are arguing for the advanced countries to open up not for themselves to close down and that is good news. Second, despite the recent crisis, capital accounts in almost all emerging market countries have remained open. And the two largest economies with relatively closed capital accounts. They understand that is the best way to go. They understand that is the best way to go. They are doing it cautiously and gradually and they are right to do it that way. But the direction in which they are moving is clear. Policy-makers in almost all developing countries have no intention of reversing the process of capital account opening, despite their complaints over much of what is going on in the world, and despite their concerns over the recent crises. [http: // www.imf.org/external / np/ speeches/2000/082600.htm. visited on 21/03/10 at 8.30 p.m] He has also mentioned two forecasts.The first is conditional : if we, and this means policy makers of the advanced countries and the international institutions, manage the processes well and bring the developing countries into the process of globalization, it will continue, to the potential benefit of all and to the likely benefit of almost all. And, second, there will be surprises along the way. [Ibid] CHALLENGES OF GLOBALISATION: The rewards of globalization has not been uniform and equitable. It has benefitted only a certain category of states and people. M.A. Ommen has even called it a contrived phenomenon. He cites three reasons why globalization is not the culmination of a natural process: Firstly, the world today is virtually governed by the G-7 countries (the USA, the UK, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy). The IMF, World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the avatar of GATT, are neatly co-opted into the process of the economic management of the world. Second, science and technology are not a free pursuit. They are in captivity, so to say. The military powers (this includes the former Soviet Union) and transnational corporations (TNCS) have manipulated science technology for power and profit. This trend continues. The end of cold war has not materially altered the situation. Third, the United States of America as Prof. Vernon points out, has been trying to create an international system in its own image has pioneered the so-called development ideology to counter communism. [Ommen, 1995, pp.75] GLOBALISATION : THE NEW AVATAR OF IMPERIALISM Some scholars are viewing globalization as the new face of imperialism. They are of the view that imperialist globalization is gradually spreading its wings to cast an abysmally dark shadow world over. Thinkers like Ranen sen are very much critical of this contretemps. He writes Globalisation is paving the way for the US imperialism which is out to exploit the unipolar geopolitics. Militarization and more aggressive programmes are designed within framework of hegemenistic objectives of the CIS authorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Washington has a long-term plan to destabilize the south and central Asian countries which have untapped hydrocarbon resource. Afghanistan has a massive resource of natural gas and Iraq has a developed oil industry. The US scheme of subversion in Afghanistan, Iraq and adjacent countries in nothing new. After becoming the hegemonistic ruler of world capitalist order, following the collapse of the USSR, Wash ington pressed Pentagon more vigorously into service to dominate the oil and natural gas sectors in those countries.[Sen in Kar (ed) 2005, pp. 93-94] It is often claimed that globalization has led to the increasing interdependence. Now, the basic questions concern. Interdependence among and who are the beneficiaries? Samit Kar writes in the preface of GLOBALISATION : ONE WORLD MANY VOICES [pp. 12] Is this interdependence of world society real or tilted in favour of the richer nations? Neo-Marxists are also apprehensive of the lopsided development brought by globalization Robert Cox and other neo-Marxists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ stress the uneven hierarchical nature of economic globalization. The global economic power is increasingly concentrated in the leading industrialised countries, including the United States, Japan, and the States of Western Europe. That means the economic globalization will not benefit the impoverished masses of the Third World. Nor will it improve the living standards of the poor in the highly industralised countries. [Jackson and Sorensen, 2003, pp. 217] Mahuya Chakrabarty writes in the same vein in the article Free Market Globalisation: Oil conflict and US aggression-This so-called free market globalization does not actually mean the spread of productive capital in the world but the accelerated accumulation and concentration of capital in the few imperialist countries, chiefly the US. Liberalization, p rivatization and deregulationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the key factors attached with free market globalization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. have accelerated the outflow of social weather created by the people from the neo-colonies to the neo-imperialist countries. Here, the principal actor is the MNCs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the multinational agencies like the IMF, World Bank and WTO. [Chakrabarty in Kar (ed), 2005, pp. 108] Ranen Sen has written Globalisation is a bid to restructure the power and politics of developed capitalist countries under the US hegemony. It is in a way to recolonization through the trinity of World Bank, IMF and WTO. [Sen in Kar (ed), 2005, pp. 94] In the same tune Petras and Polychroniou, have pointed out the real nature and motives of these financial institutions These institutions were controlled by appointees of the respective imperial states and their function was to displace national markets and local producers and undermine popular social legislation in order to facilitate the entry of multinationals and the primacy of domestic export elites producing for the markets of the imperial counties. [Petras and Polychroniou, 1997, pp. 2251] GLOBALISATION AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT: The process of globalization is highly uneven. Deepak Nayyar observes There are less than a dozen developing countries which are an integral part of globalization in the late twentieth century. Argentina, Brazil and Mexico in Latin America and Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand in Asia. These eleven countries accounted for about 30 percent of total exports from developing countries during the period 1970-1980. This share rose to 59 per cent in 1990 and 66 per cent in 1992. The same countries, excluding Korea, were also the main recipients of direct investment in the developing world accounting for 66 per cent of the average annual inflows during the period 1981-1991à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this evidence suggests that globalization is most uneven in its spread and there is an exclusion in the process. Sub-Saharan Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia are simply not in the picture, apart from many co untries in Latin America, Asia and the Pacific which are left out altogether. [Nayyar, 1996, pp. 15] Nayyar also notes that the benefits of integration with the world economy, through globalization, would accrue only to those countries which have laid the requisite foundations for industrialization and development. This means investing in the development of human resources and the creation of a physical infrastructure. This means the acquisition of technological and managerial capabilities at a micro-level. This means the creation of institutions that would regulate, govern and facilitate the functioning of markets. In each of these pursuits, strategic forms of state intervention are essential. The countries which have not created these pre-conditions could end up globalizing prices without globalizing incomes. In the process, a narrow segment of their population may be integrated with the world economy, in terms of consumption patterns or living styles, but a large proportion of their population may be marginalized even further. [Ibid, pp. 16] According to C. Sheela Reddy, the benefits of economic globalization have not accrued to the majority due to certain adverse consequences like: The increase of inequalities among regions and nations, within nations and among individuals The continued growth of poverty. The increase of peoples vulnerability due to social risks such as unemployment and crime. The decrease in opportunities for regions, nations, communities and individuals to enjoy the benefits and advantages provided by globalization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Thus the benefits of globalization are not uniformly enjoyed at present as many people still live in poverty and the result of alleviation efforts are uneven within and between the regions of the world. [Reddy, 2008, pp. 87-88] Hirst and Thompson have made a very harsh criticism of globalization. According to them, the most extreme versions of globalizations are a myth. In support of this claim, they have offered five arguments. First, the present internationalized economy is not unique in history. In some respects they say it is less open than the international economy between 1870 and 1914. Second, they find that genuinely transnational companies are relatively rare, most are national companies trading internationally. There is no trend towards the development of international companies. Third, there is no shift of finance and capital from the developed to the underdeveloped worlds. Direct investment is highly concentrated amongst the countries of the developed world. Fourth, the world-economy is not global, rather trade, investment, and financial flows are concentrated in and between three blocs Europe, North America, and Japan. Finally, they argue this group of three blocs could, if they co-ordinated p olicies, regulate global economic markets and forces [quoted in Smith , Baylis, 2005, p. 11] We will highlight here some other challenges of globalization First it must be borne in mind that competitive markets may be the best guarantee of efficiency, but not of equity. And markets are neither the first not the last word in human development. There was a time when many activities and goods that are crucial to human development were provided outside the market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but these are now being squeezed by the pressure of global competition. The policy of structural adjustment which was forced on most of the third world countries has reduced the amount of government expenses in health, employment as well as in education sector, subsequently making the people of the third world the victim of globalization. Second, unequal distribution: When the market goes too far in dominating social and political outcome, the opportunities and reward of globalization spread unequally and inequitably à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. concentrating power and values in a select group of people, nations and corporations, marginalizing the others. When the market goes our of hand, the instability grows up, as in the financial crisis in East Asia and its worldwide implications cutting global output by estimated 2 trillion dollar in 1998-2000. Since 1980s many countries have captured the opportunities of economic and technological globalization. Other than the industrial countries, the countries like India, Poland, Turkey, Chile are attracting foreign investment and taking advantage of technological progress. At the other extreme there any many countries, not all benefited from expanding markets and advancing technology Madagascar, sub-Saharan countries among others. Third, Inequality within and between countries: Jayati Gosh has written in her article Imperialist Globalisation and the political economy of South Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The recent process of imperialist globalization has been marked by greatly increased disparities, both within countries and between countries. [Ghosh in Kar (ed.), 2005, pp. 260.] Inequality has been rising in many countries since the early 1980s In China, disparities are widening between the export oriented region of the coast and the interior. The human poverty index is just under 20% in coastal provinces, but more than 50% inland Guijhou. Inequality between the countries has also been increasing. Noteworthy that the income gap between the richest and the poorest fifth in the world was just 3:1 in 1820. Today, the gap in one word is gargantuan. Let us look at the following statistics included in UNDP 1999 Report: Year Income Gap Ratio 1820 3:1 1870 7:1 1913 11:1 1960 30:1 1990 60:1 1997 74:1 Again at the turn of the 21 century, the richest 20% of the worlds population had: > 86% of world GDPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The bottom fifth had 1% > 82% of world export markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the bottom fifth